Inflammation : "A fundamental pathologic process consisting of a dynamic complex of histologically apparent cytologic changes, cellular infiltration, and mediator release that occurs in the affected blood vessels and adjacent tissues in response to an injury or abnormal stimulation caused by a physical, chemical, or biologic agent, including the local reactions and resulting morphologic changes; the destruction or removal of the injurious material; and the responses that lead to repair and healing. Inflammation is the body's attempt at self-protection; the aim being to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens - and begin the healing process. When something harmful or irritating affects a part of our body, there is a biological response to try to remove it, the signs and symptoms of inflammation, specifically acute inflammation, show that the body is trying to heal itself. Inflammation does not mean infection, even when an infection causes inflammation. Infection is caused by a bacterium, virus or fungus, while inflammation is the body's response to it. Acute inflammation - starts rapidly (rapid onset) and quickly becomes severe. Signs and symptoms are only present for a few days, but in some cases may persist for a few weeks. Examples of diseases, conditions, and situations which can result in acute inflammation include: acute bronchitis, infected ingrown toenail, sore throat from a cold or flu, a scratch/cut on the skin, exercise (especially intense training), acute appendicitis, acute dermatitis, acute tonsillitis, acute infective meningitis, acute sinusitis, or a blow. Chronic inflammation - this means long-term inflammation, which can last for several months and even years. It can result from: ? Failure to eliminate whatever was causing an acute inflammation ? An autoimmune response to a self antigen - the immune system attacks healthy tissue, mistaking it (them) for harmful pathogens. ? A chronic irritant of low intensity that persists Examples of diseases and conditions with chronic inflammation include: asthma, chronicpeptic ulcer, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic periodontitis, ulcerative colitis andCrohn's disease, chronic sinusitis, and chronic active hepatitis cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, periodontitis, and hay fever Drugs Used _ NSAID’S ( Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac Sodium, Aceclofenac , Acetaminophen) and Corticosteroids ( Both Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids)


Inflammation : "A fundamental pathologic process consisting of a dynamic complex of histologically apparent cytologic changes, cellular infiltration, and mediator release that occurs in the affected blood vessels and adjacent tissues in response to an injury or abnormal stimulation caused by a physical, chemical, or biologic agent, including the local reactions and resulting morphologic changes; the destruction or removal of the injurious material; and the responses that lead to repair and healing. Inflammation is the body's attempt at self-protection; the aim being to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens - and begin the healing process. When something harmful or irritating affects a part of our body, there is a biological response to try to remove it, the signs and symptoms of inflammation, specifically acute inflammation, show that the body is trying to heal itself. Inflammation does not mean infection, even when an infection causes inflammation. Infection is caused by a bacterium, virus or fungus, while inflammation is the body's response to it. Acute inflammation - starts rapidly (rapid onset) and quickly becomes severe. Signs and symptoms are only present for a few days, but in some cases may persist for a few weeks. Examples of diseases, conditions, and situations which can result in acute inflammation include: acute bronchitis, infected ingrown toenail, sore throat from a cold or flu, a scratch/cut on the skin, exercise (especially intense training), acute appendicitis, acute dermatitis, acute tonsillitis, acute infective meningitis, acute sinusitis, or a blow. Chronic inflammation - this means long-term inflammation, which can last for several months and even years. It can result from: ? Failure to eliminate whatever was causing an acute inflammation ? An autoimmune response to a self antigen - the immune system attacks healthy tissue, mistaking it (them) for harmful pathogens. ? A chronic irritant of low intensity that persists Examples of diseases and conditions with chronic inflammation include: asthma, chronicpeptic ulcer, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic periodontitis, ulcerative colitis andCrohn's disease, chronic sinusitis, and chronic active hepatitis cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, periodontitis, and hay fever Drugs Used _ NSAID’S ( Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac Sodium, Aceclofenac , Acetaminophen) and Corticosteroids ( Both Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids)


Tuberculosis : Definition: It is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculae Pathogenesis: It is a chronic granulomatous infection caused mainly by the inhalation of tubercular bacilli. The bacilli enters the lungs and get deposited on the upper lobe of the lungs there it forms a primary complex. Once this complex is formed the disease spread through the lymphatic vessel to the adjacent organs or locally. Drugs: First line drugs: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, ethambutol and Pyrizanamide Second line drugs: Aminoglycosides like Amikacin, kanamycin. Polypeptides like capreomycin. Fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin Thioamides like ethionamide, prothionamide Cycloserine Para aminosalicylic acid Third line drugs : Rifabutin Macrolides like clarythromycin Linezolid Thioacetazone Vitamin D Thioridazine


Pneumonia : Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. It is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly other microorganisms, certain drugs and other conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Typical symptoms include a cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. Patients with pneumonia are treated with amoxicillin, doxycycline, clarithromycin or oral macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin).Patients with other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or emphysema, kidney disease, or diabetes are often given more powerful and/or higher dose antibiotics like third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and vancomycin. In addition to antibiotics, treatment includes: proper diet and oxygen to increase oxygen in the blood when needed. In some patients, medication to ease chest pain and to provide relief from violent cough may be necessary.


Bedwetting : bedwetting or sleep wetting is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which bladder control usually occurs. Treatment Behavioral methods are recommended as initial treatment. DDAVP (desmopressin) Tricyclic antidepressant (amitriptyline, imipramine and nortriptyline) are also used


Diabetes mellitus : Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. There are roles for patient education, dietetic support, and sensible exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels within acceptable bounds. In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are recommended to control blood pressure. Medication include 1Insulin, 2Sensitizers 2.1 Biguanides 2.2 Thiazolidinediones 3Secretagogues 3.1 Sulfonylureas 3.2 Nonsulfonylureasecretagogues 4 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors 5 Peptide analogs 5.1 Injectable Incretinmimetics 5.2 Injectable Amylin analogues


Inflammation : "A fundamental pathologic process consisting of a dynamic complex of histologically apparent cytologic changes, cellular infiltration, and mediator release that occurs in the affected blood vessels and adjacent tissues in response to an injury or abnormal stimulation caused by a physical, chemical, or biologic agent, including the local reactions and resulting morphologic changes; the destruction or removal of the injurious material; and the responses that lead to repair and healing. Inflammation is the body's attempt at self-protection; the aim being to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens - and begin the healing process. When something harmful or irritating affects a part of our body, there is a biological response to try to remove it, the signs and symptoms of inflammation, specifically acute inflammation, show that the body is trying to heal itself. Inflammation does not mean infection, even when an infection causes inflammation. Infection is caused by a bacterium, virus or fungus, while inflammation is the body's response to it. Acute inflammation - starts rapidly (rapid onset) and quickly becomes severe. Signs and symptoms are only present for a few days, but in some cases may persist for a few weeks. Examples of diseases, conditions, and situations which can result in acute inflammation include: acute bronchitis, infected ingrown toenail, sore throat from a cold or flu, a scratch/cut on the skin, exercise (especially intense training), acute appendicitis, acute dermatitis, acute tonsillitis, acute infective meningitis, acute sinusitis, or a blow. Chronic inflammation - this means long-term inflammation, which can last for several months and even years. It can result from: ? Failure to eliminate whatever was causing an acute inflammation ? An autoimmune response to a self antigen - the immune system attacks healthy tissue, mistaking it (them) for harmful pathogens. ? A chronic irritant of low intensity that persists Examples of diseases and conditions with chronic inflammation include: asthma, chronicpeptic ulcer, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic periodontitis, ulcerative colitis andCrohn's disease, chronic sinusitis, and chronic active hepatitis cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, periodontitis, and hay fever Drugs Used _ NSAID’S ( Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac Sodium, Aceclofenac , Acetaminophen) and Corticosteroids ( Both Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids)


Inflammation : "A fundamental pathologic process consisting of a dynamic complex of histologically apparent cytologic changes, cellular infiltration, and mediator release that occurs in the affected blood vessels and adjacent tissues in response to an injury or abnormal stimulation caused by a physical, chemical, or biologic agent, including the local reactions and resulting morphologic changes; the destruction or removal of the injurious material; and the responses that lead to repair and healing. Inflammation is the body's attempt at self-protection; the aim being to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens - and begin the healing process. When something harmful or irritating affects a part of our body, there is a biological response to try to remove it, the signs and symptoms of inflammation, specifically acute inflammation, show that the body is trying to heal itself. Inflammation does not mean infection, even when an infection causes inflammation. Infection is caused by a bacterium, virus or fungus, while inflammation is the body's response to it. Acute inflammation - starts rapidly (rapid onset) and quickly becomes severe. Signs and symptoms are only present for a few days, but in some cases may persist for a few weeks. Examples of diseases, conditions, and situations which can result in acute inflammation include: acute bronchitis, infected ingrown toenail, sore throat from a cold or flu, a scratch/cut on the skin, exercise (especially intense training), acute appendicitis, acute dermatitis, acute tonsillitis, acute infective meningitis, acute sinusitis, or a blow. Chronic inflammation - this means long-term inflammation, which can last for several months and even years. It can result from: ? Failure to eliminate whatever was causing an acute inflammation ? An autoimmune response to a self antigen - the immune system attacks healthy tissue, mistaking it (them) for harmful pathogens. ? A chronic irritant of low intensity that persists Examples of diseases and conditions with chronic inflammation include: asthma, chronicpeptic ulcer, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic periodontitis, ulcerative colitis andCrohn's disease, chronic sinusitis, and chronic active hepatitis cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, periodontitis, and hay fever Drugs Used _ NSAID’S ( Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac Sodium, Aceclofenac , Acetaminophen) and Corticosteroids ( Both Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids)


Tuberculosis : Definition: It is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculae Pathogenesis: It is a chronic granulomatous infection caused mainly by the inhalation of tubercular bacilli. The bacilli enters the lungs and get deposited on the upper lobe of the lungs there it forms a primary complex. Once this complex is formed the disease spread through the lymphatic vessel to the adjacent organs or locally. Drugs: First line drugs: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, ethambutol and Pyrizanamide Second line drugs: Aminoglycosides like Amikacin, kanamycin. Polypeptides like capreomycin. Fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin Thioamides like ethionamide, prothionamide Cycloserine Para aminosalicylic acid Third line drugs : Rifabutin Macrolides like clarythromycin Linezolid Thioacetazone Vitamin D Thioridazine


Pneumonia : Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. It is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly other microorganisms, certain drugs and other conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Typical symptoms include a cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. Patients with pneumonia are treated with amoxicillin, doxycycline, clarithromycin or oral macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin).Patients with other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or emphysema, kidney disease, or diabetes are often given more powerful and/or higher dose antibiotics like third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and vancomycin. In addition to antibiotics, treatment includes: proper diet and oxygen to increase oxygen in the blood when needed. In some patients, medication to ease chest pain and to provide relief from violent cough may be necessary.


Bedwetting : bedwetting or sleep wetting is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which bladder control usually occurs. Treatment Behavioral methods are recommended as initial treatment. DDAVP (desmopressin) Tricyclic antidepressant (amitriptyline, imipramine and nortriptyline) are also used


Diabetes mellitus : Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. There are roles for patient education, dietetic support, and sensible exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels within acceptable bounds. In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are recommended to control blood pressure. Medication include 1Insulin, 2Sensitizers 2.1 Biguanides 2.2 Thiazolidinediones 3Secretagogues 3.1 Sulfonylureas 3.2 Nonsulfonylureasecretagogues 4 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors 5 Peptide analogs 5.1 Injectable Incretinmimetics 5.2 Injectable Amylin analogues


Atrophic vaginitis (Vaginal dryness) : Atrophic vaginitis is vaginal dryness due to thinning tissue and decreased lubrication. Atrophic vaginitis is caused by a decrease in estrogen. Estrogen levels normally drop after menopause. Estrogen is very important in keeping the tissues of the vagina lubricated and healthy. Normally, the lining of the vagina makes a clear, lubricating fluid. This fluid makes sexual intercourse more comfortable and helps decrease vaginal irritation.Thinning or shrinking of the vaginal tissue causes dryness and inflammation. The vagina can also become further irritated from soaps, laundry detergents, lotions, perfumes, or douches. Certain medications, smoking, tampons, and condoms may also cause or worsen vaginal dryness. Symptoms • Burning on urination • Light bleeding after intercourse • Painful sexual intercourse causing a loss in sexual interest • Slight vaginal discharge • Vaginal soreness, including itching or burning sensations Treatment Topical Estrogen A vaginal estrogen ring, such as Estring, is a flexible, soft ring inserted into the upper part of the vagina by you or your doctor. It releases a constant dose of estrogen and only has to be replaced every three months. • A vaginal estrogen cream, such as Premarin or Estrace, is inserted into the vagina with an applicator at bedtime. Your doctor may prescribe the cream daily for a couple of weeks, then step down to two or three times per week. • A vaginal estrogen tablet, such as Vagifem, is inserted into the vagina using a disposable applicator. It is usually prescribed one dose per day to start, stepping down to one or two times per week.


Atrial fibrillation : The ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation can be controlled with a beta-blocker or diltiazem.or verapamil. Digoxin is usually effective for controlling the rate at rest; it is also appropriate if atrial fibrillation is accompanied by congestive heart failure. If the rate at rest or during exercise cannot be controlled, diltiazem or verapamil may be combined with digoxin, but care is required if the ventricular function is diminished. In some cases, e.g. acute atrial fibrillation or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, diltiazem or verapamil or a beta-blocker may be more appropriate than digoxin (see also Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia and Supraventricular Arrhythmias below). Anticoagulants are indicated especially in valvular or myocardial disease, and in the elderly; in the very elderly the overall benefit and risk needs careful assessment. Younger patients with lone atrial fibrillation in the absence of heart disease probably do not need anticoagulation. Aspirin is less effect than warfarin at preventing emboli but may be appropriate if there are no other risk factors for stroke; aspirin 75 mg may be used.


Atrial flutter : The ventricular rate at rest can sometimes be controlled with digoxin. Reversion to sinus rhythm (if indicated) may be achieved by appropriately synchronised d.c. shock. Alternatively, amiodarone may be used to restore sinus rhythm, and amiodarone or sotalol to maintain it. If the arrhythmia is long-standing a period of treatment with anticoagulants should be considered before cardioversion to avoid the complication of emboli. Drugs used - Digoxin, Amiodarone and Sotalol


Arrhythmia : DEFINITION Arrhythmia is defined as loss of cardiac rhythm, especially irregularity of heart-beat and is an abnormal cardiac rhythm, usually involving the change in rate or regularity and is monitored by using Electrocardiograph (ECG). PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The blood pushed from ventricles in a controlled sequence of muscle contraction. In cardiac arrhythmia, there will be disturbed in the sequence and in electrical conductivity. Arrhythmias are classified in to differentkinds depending upon the disorders of impulse generation and includes, Premature contraction - Common arrhythmia, which affect large number of people. Caffeine and stress increases the occurrence of premature beats. Tachycardia - An abnormally fast heart beats (more than 100beats/min) ,this can also lead to insufficient blood circulation. Bradycardia- An abnormally fast heart beats (more than 100beats/min). This can also lead to insufficient blood circulation. Atrial fibrillation- A rapid, irregular heart rhythm caused by abnormal electrical impulses that begins in the upper chambers of the heart.In atrial fibrillation the heart rate is even higher i.e. 500 beats/min. Atrial flutter - In atrial flutter the heart rate is 250-350 beats/min, associated with tachycardia.Commonly seen in hyperthyroidism and heart failure. Ventricular fibrillation - Life threatening condition in which the heartquivers very rapidly about 350times/min or more.This leads to rapidly fatal if not reversed by defibrillation.


Depression : Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of well-being In general the type of treatment includepsychotherapy and/or antidepressants, alternative therapies, or active intervention. The most important classes of antidepressants are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Other drugs used or proposed for the treatment of depression include buprenorphine,tryptophan,low-dose antipsychotics,and St John's wort.


Endometriosis : Endometriosis is the abnormal growth of cells (endometrial cells) similar to those that form the inside or lining the tissue of the uterus, but in a location outside of the uterus. Endometrial cells are cells that are shed each month during menstruation. The cells of endometriosis attach themselves to tissue outside the uterus and are called endometriosis implants. These implants are most commonly found on the ovaries, the Fallopian tubes, outer surfaces of the uterus or intestines, and on the surface lining of the pelvic cavity. They can also be found in the vagina, cervix, and bladder, although less commonly than other locations in the pelvis. Rarely, endometriosis implants can occur outside the pelvis, on the liver, in old surgery scars, and even in or around the lung or brain. Endometrial implants, while they can cause problems, are benign (not cancerous). TREATMENT AND MEDICATION Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen or naproxensodium) are commonly prescribed to help relieve pelvic pain and menstrual cramping. NSAIDs are commonly used, such as naproxen or ibuprofen, are commonly used. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRH analogs) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRH analogs) have been effectively used to relieve pain and reduce the size of endometriosis implants. Oral contraceptive pills Oral contraceptive pills (estrogen and progesterone in combination) are also sometimes used to treat endometriosis. The most common combination used is in the form of the oral contraceptive pill (OCP). Progestins Progestins [for example, medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethindrone acetate, norgestrel acetate ] are more potent than birth control pills and are recommended for women who do not obtain pain relief from or cannot take a birth control pill. Other drugs used to treat endometriosis Danazol Danazol is a synthetic drug that creates a high androgen (male type hormone) and low estrogen hormonal environment by interfering with ovulation and ovarian production of estrogen., Aromatase inhibitors A newer approach to the treatment of endometriosis has involved the administration of drugs known as aromatase inhibitors (for example,anastrozole and letrozole ).


Infertility : Infertility is fundamentally the inability to conceive offspring. Infertility also refers to the state of a woman who is unable to carry a pregnancy to full term. Treatment depends on the cause of infertility, but may include counselling, fertility treatments, which include in vitro fertilization. Drugs used for women include Clomiphene citrate, Human menopausal gonadotropin, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Human chorionic gonadotropin, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, Aromatase inhibitor, Metformin.


Miscarriage : Miscarriage also called Spontaneous abortion. A miscarriage is the loss of pregnancy from natural causes before the 20th week of pregnancy. Most miscarriages occur very early in the pregnancy, often before a woman even knows she is pregnant. There are many different causes for a miscarriage. Factors that may contribute to miscarriage include • A genetic problem with the fetus. This is the most common cause in the first trimester. • Problems with the uterus or cervix. These contribute in the second trimester. • Polycystic ovary syndrome Signs of a miscarriage can include vaginal spotting or bleeding, abdominal pain or cramping, and fluid or tissue passing from the vagina. Although vaginal bleeding is a common symptom of miscarriage, many women have spotting early in their pregnancy but do not miscarry. Symptoms Possible symptoms include: • Low back pain or abdominal pain that is dull, sharp, or cramping • Tissue or clot-like material that passes from the vagina • Vaginal bleeding, with or without abdominal cramps Treatment When a miscarriage occurs, the tissue passed from the vagina should be examined. This is done to determine if it was a normal placenta or a hydatidiform mole. If the pregnancy tissue does not naturally leave the body, the woman may be closely watched for up to 2 weeks. Surgery (D and C) or medication (such as misoprostol) may be needed to remove the remaining contents from the womb. After treatment, the woman usually resumes her normal menstrual cycle within 4 - 6 weeks. Any further vaginal bleeding should be carefully monitored. It is often possible to become pregnant immediately. It is recommended that women wait one normal menstrual cycle before trying to become pregnant again.


Cervical spondylosis : is a general term for age-related wear and tear affecting the spinal disks in your neck. As the disks dehydrate and shrink, bone spurs and other signs of osteoarthritis develop.Cervical spondylosis is very common and worsens with age. There also appears to be a genetic component involved because some families will have more of these changes over time, while other families will develop less. Treatment • Muscle relaxants. Drugs such as cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril, Amrix) and methocarbamol (Robaxin) may help if you're having muscle spasms in your neck. • Anti-seizure drugs. Some types of epilepsy drugs, such as gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant), and pregabalin (Lyrica), also work well to dull the pain of damaged nerves. • Narcotics. Some prescription pain relievers contain narcotics, such as hydrocodone (Vicodin, Lortab, others) or oxycodone (Percocet, Roxicet, others). • Steroid injections. In some cases, injecting prednisone and a numbing agent into the area affected by cervical spondylosis may help.


Spasticity : Spasticity is a feature of altered skeletal muscle performance in muscle tone involving hypertonia; it is also referred to as an unusual "tightness", stiffness, or "pull" of muscles. The cause of spasticity is not really known, but there are several theories. In general, spasticity develops when an imbalance occurs in the excitatory and inhibitory input to a motor neurons caused by damage to the spinal cord and/or central nervous system. The damage causes a change in the balance of signals between the nervous system and the muscles, leading to increased excitability in the muscles. Spasticity is found in conditions where the brain and/or spinal cord are damaged or fail to develop normally; these include cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury and acquired brain injury including stroke. Damage to the CNS as a result of stroke or spinal cord injury, alter of peripheral nerves in the affected region.


Cerebral palsy (CP) : Cerebral palsy (CP) is a general term for a group of permanent, non-progressive movement disorders that cause physical disability, mainly in the areas of body movement. There may also be problems with sensation, depth perception, and communication ability. Difficulty with cognition and epilepsy are found in about one-third of cases. There are subtypes including a type characterized by spasticity, a type characterized by poor coordination, and types which feature both symptoms or neither. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the motor control centers of the developing brain and can occur during pregnancy, during childbirth, or after birth up to about age three. About 2% of all cerebral palsy cases are believed to be due to a genetic cause. Cerebral palsy is not an infectious disease and is not contagious. Most cases are diagnosed at a young age rather than during adolescence or adulthood.


Asthma : According to WHO - Asthma attacks all age groups but often starts in childhood. It is a disease characterized by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing, which vary in severity and frequency from person to person. In an individual, they may occur from hour to hour and day to day. This condition is due to inflammation of the air passages in the lungs and affects the sensitivity of the nerve endings in the airways so they become easily irritated. In an attack, the lining of the passages swell causing the airways to narrow and reducing the flow of air in and out of the lungs. Classification of drugs 1. Bronchodialators A. Sympathomimetics : Adrenaline, Ephedrine, Isoprenaline, Salbutamol, Terbutaline, Bambuterol, Salmetrol, Formoterol. B. Methylxanthines : Theophylline, Aminophylline, Hydroxyethyl theophylline. C. Anticholinergics: Atropine, Ipratropium bromide 2. Leukotrienne antagonis - Montelukast, Zafirlukast 3. Mast cell stabilizers : Sodium cromglycate, Nedocromil,Krtotifen. 4. Corticosteroids : a) Systemic : Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone and others b) Inhalational : Beclomethasone dipropionate, Budesonide, Flunisolide


Breastcancer : Breastcancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. Treatment Surgery, radiation ,medications medications There are currently three main groups of medications used for adjuvant breast cancer treatment: hormone-blocking agents, chemotherapy, and monoclonal antibodies. Hormone blocking therapy tamoxifen (Nolvadex), anastrozoleor letrozole Chemotherapy Cyclophosphamide with doxorubicin (Adriamycin). Sometimes a taxane drug, such as docetaxel (Taxotere), is added, and the regime is then known as "CAT". Another common treatment, which produces equivalent results is cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil (or "CMF"). Monoclonal antibodies - Trastuzumab


Bronchitis : Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi (the larger and medium-sized airways that carry airflow from the trachea into the more distal parts of the lung parenchyma) Treatment Conventional treatment for acute bronchitis may consist of simple measures such as getting plenty of rest, drinking lots of fluids, avoiding smoke and fumes, and possibly getting a prescription for an inhaled bronchodilator and/or cough syrup. In some cases of chronic bronchitis, oral steroids to reduce inflammation and/or supplemental oxygen may be necessary.


Bronchitis : Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi (the larger and medium-sized airways that carry airflow from the trachea into the more distal parts of the lung parenchyma) Treatment Conventional treatment for acute bronchitis may consist of simple measures such as getting plenty of rest, drinking lots of fluids, avoiding smoke and fumes, and possibly getting a prescription for an inhaled bronchodilator and/or cough syrup. In some cases of chronic bronchitis, oral steroids to reduce inflammation and/or supplemental oxygen may be necessary.


Diphtheria : Diphtheria is an upper respiratory tract illness caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium. It is characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane (a pseudomembrane) on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity. A milder form of diphtheria can be restricted to the skin. Less common consequences include myocarditis(about 20% of cases) and peripheral neuropathy (about 10% of cases ) Symptoms usually occur 1 to 7 days after the bacteria enter your body: • Bluish coloration of the skin • Bloody, watery drainage from nose • Breathing problems, including difficulty breathing, fast breathing, high-pitch breathing sound (stridor) • Chills • Croup-like (barking) cough • Drooling (suggests airway blockage is about to occur) • Fever • Hoarseness • Painful swallowing • Skin lesions (usually seen in tropical areas) • Sore throat (may range from mild to severe) Drugs for treatment of Diphtheria • DPT- Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccine • Clindamycin • Erythromycin • Haemophilus B Conjugate Vaccine • Pediarix Vaccine • Tetanus-Diphtheria-Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) • Penicillin


Pertussis (Whooping Cough) : Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis is known for uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe. After fits of many coughs, someone with pertussis often needs to take deep breathes which result in a "whooping" sound. Pertussis most commonly affects infants and young children and can be fatal; especially in babies less than 1 year of age.The best way to protect against pertussis is immunization. Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin are preferred for the treatment of pertussis in persons =1 month of age. For infants <1 month of age, azithromycin is preferred for post exposure prophylaxis and treatment because azithromycin has not been associated with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS), whereas erythromycin has. For infants <1 month of age, the risk of developing severe pertussis and life-threatening complications outweighs the potential risk of IHPS that has been associated with macrolide use. Infants <1 month of age who receive a macrolide should be monitored for the development of IHPS and for other serious adverse events. For persons =2 months of age, an alternative to macrolides is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.


Legionnaires' Disease : Legionnaires' Disease also called Legionellosis . Legionnaires' disease is a severe form of pneumonia — lung inflammation usually caused by infection. Legionnaires' disease is caused by a bacterium known as legionella. Outdoors, legionella bacteria survive in soil and water, but rarely cause infections. Indoors, though, legionella bacteria can multiply in all kinds of water systems — hot tubs, air conditioners and mist sprayers in grocery store produce departments. Symptoms Symptoms usually begin with an initial phase that lasts one to two days, in which you experience flu-like symptoms, such as: • mild headaches • muscle pain This is followed by more severe symptoms, including: • high temperature (fever), usually 38ºC (100.4ºF) or above • more severe muscle pain • chills • tiredness • changes to your mental state, such as confusion Once bacteria begin to infect your lungs, you may also experience symptoms of pneumonia, such as: • a persistent cough, usually dry at first but as the infection develops you may start coughing up mucus or, rarely, blood • shortness of breath • chest pains Some people with Legionnaires’ disease also have symptoms that affect the digestive system, including: • feeling sick • being sick • diarrhoea • loss of appetite Treatment Legionnaires' disease is usually treated successfully with antibiotics. Antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria and may include: • erythromycin • clarithromycin • doxycycline • azithromycin These may be taken by mouth as tablets or capsules or may be given through an intravenous infusion. An intravenous infusion is where medicine is given in hospital by a continuous drip through a narrow tube into a vein in your arm.


Anemia : Anemia is the most common disorder of the blood. Anemia is a medical condition in which a decrease in number of red blood cells (RBCs) or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. Anemic men hemoglobin level is less than 13.5 gram/100 and for a anemic women hemoglobin level is less than 12.0 gram/100 ml. Anemia is caused by either a decrease in production of red blood cells or hemoglobin, or an increase in loss or destruction of red blood cells. Some patients with anemia have no symptoms. Others may feel tired, easily fatigued, appear pale, a feeling of heart racing, short of breath, and/or worsening of heart problems. Anemia can be detected by a simple blood test called a complete blood cell count (CBC). The treatment of the anemia varies greatly and very much depends on the particular cause. Treatment – Treatment of anemia is done by 1. Oral iron 2. Injectable iron 3. Blood transfusions 4. Human Erythropoietin Injection


Hypertension : Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, is a condition in which the arteries have persistently elevated blood pressure. Every time the human heart beats, it pumps blood to the whole body through the arteries. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing up against the blood vessel walls. The higher the pressure the harder the heart has to pump. Hypertension can lead to damaged organs, as well as several illnesses, such as renal failure (kidney failure), aneurysm, heart failure, stroke, or heart attack. The normal level for blood pressure is below 120/80, where 120 represents the systolic measurement (peak pressure in the arteries) and 80 represents the diastolic measurement (minimum pressure in the arteries). Blood pressure between 120/80 and 139/89 is called pre hypertension (to denote increased risk of hypertension), and a blood pressure of 140/90 or above is considered hypertension. Hypertension may be classified as essential or secondary. Essential hypertension is the term for high blood pressure with unknown cause. It accounts for about 95% of cases. Secondary hypertension is the term for high blood pressure with a known direct cause, such as kidney disease, tumors, or birth control pills.


Epilepsy : Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally. Neurons normally generate electrochemical impulses that act on other neurons, glands, and muscles to produce human thoughts, feelings, and actions. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior, or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. During a seizure, neurons may fire as many as 500 times a second, much faster than normal. In some people, this happens only occasionally; for others, it may happen up to hundreds of times a day. EPILEPSY SYMPTOMS • Generalized seizures: All areas of the brain (the cortex) are involved in a generalized seizure. Sometimes these are referred to as grand mal seizures. o The person experiencing such a seizure may cry out or make some sound, stiffen for several seconds to a minute and then have rhythmic movements of the arms and legs. Often the rhythmic movements slow before stopping. o Eyes are generally open. o The person may appear to not be breathing and actually turn blue. This may be followed by a period of deep, noisy breathes. o The return to consciousness is gradual and the person may be confused for quite some time –minutes to hours. o Loss of urine is common. o The person will frequently be confused after a generalized seizure. • Partial or focal seizures: Only part of the brain is involved, so only part of the body is affected. Depending on the part of the brain having abnormal electrical activity, symptoms may vary. o If the part of the brain controlling movement of the hand is involved, then only the hand may show rhythmic or jerky movements. o If other areas of the brain are involved, symptoms might include strange sensations like a full feeling in the stomach or small repetitive movements such as picking at one's clothes or smacking of the lips. o Sometimes the person with a partial seizure appears dazed or confused. This may represent a complex partial seizure. The term complex is used by doctors to describe a person who is between being fully alert and unconscious. • Absence or petit mal seizures: These are most common in childhood. o Impairment of consciousness is present with the person often staring blankly. o Repetitive blinking or other small movements may be present. o Typically, these seizures are brief, lasting only seconds. Some people may have many of these in a day DRUGS: Medicines that may be used first to treat epileptic seizures include: • Carbamazepine (such as Carbatrol). • Ethosuximide (Zarontin), for absence seizures only. • Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal). • Phenobarbital (Luminal). Phenobarbital is a first-line medicine for newborns. • Phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek) or fosphenytoin (Cerebyx). • Primidone (Mysoline). The body converts primidone into phenobarbital. • Topiramate (Topamax). • Valproate (Depakene, Depakote). If epileptic seizures continue even though you are being treated, may prescribe one or more of the following medicines: • Benzodiazepines (such as Klonopin) • Ezogabine (Potiga) • Felbamate (Felbatol) • Gabapentin (Neurontin) • Lacosamide (Vimpat). This medicine can be used along with other antiseizure medicine to treat partial seizures. • Lamotrigine (Lamictal) • Levetiracetam (Keppra) • Phenobarbital (Luminal). Phenobarbital is a first-line medicine for newborns. • Pregabalin (Lyrica). This medicine is intended to be used along with other antiseizure medicine. • Primidone (Mysoline). The body converts primidone into phenobarbital. • Rufinamide (Banzel). This medicine can be used along with other antiseizure medicine to treat seizures caused by Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. • Tiagabine (Gabitril) • Topiramate (Topamax) • Vigabatrin (Sabril) • Zonisamide (Zonegran)