Multiple myeloma : Multiple myeloma, also known as myeloma, plasma cell myeloma or Kahler's disease , is a hematologic cancer, or cancer of the blood. It is the second most common blood cancer, after non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In multiple myeloma, a certain kind of white blood cell called a plasma cell begins to multiply abnormally within the bone marrow. Normally, plasma cells are responsible for producing antibodies that help fight infections. In multiple myeloma, however, excessive plasma cells release unhealthy levels of protein (called immunoglobulin) into the bones and blood. The excessive protein accumulates throughout the body, causing organ damage. The plasma cells also cause problems inside bones, where they multiply and crowd out normal blood cells. Inside the bone marrow, multiple myeloma plasma cells release chemicals that prompt the body to dissolve areas of bone. This creates weak areas of bone, which are called lytic lesions. symptoms As multiple myeloma progresses, plasma cells accumulate in the bones, causing these symptoms: • Bone pain due to lytic bone disease • Weakness and fatigue due to anemia • Weight loss • Confusion, excessive thirst, constipation due to hypercalcemia • Kidney problems • Infections due to non-functioning immunoglobulins. Medication To treat multiple myeloma, doctors generally use a combination of chemotherapy and other drugs, which may include: • Adriamycin (doxorubicin) • Alkeran (melphalan) • Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide) • Oncovin (vincristine) • Pomalyst (pomalidomide) • Revlimid (lenalidomide) • Thalomid (thalidomide) • Velcade (bortezomib) Doctors can choose from multiple combinations of chemotherapy drugs. Corticosteroids (such as prednisone or dexamethasone) are often given with chemotherapy, to reduce side effects. Interferon is a hormone-like drug that can help keep multiple myeloma in remission after chemotherapy.


Hodgkin lymphomas : Hodgkin lymphomas a type of lymphoma, which is a cancer originating from white blood cells called lymphocytes. Patients with early stage disease (IA or IIA) are effectively treated with radiation therapy or chemotherapy. The original treatment for Hodgkin's was MOPP (medicine) The abbreviation stands for the four drugs Mustargen, Oncovin, also known as Vincristine, .Prednisone and Procarbazine also known as Matulane. Currently, the ABVD chemotherapy regimen is the standard treatment of Hodgkin's disease in the US. The abbreviation stands for the four drugs Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine.


Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHLs) : NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMAS (NHLs) are diverse group of blood cancers that include any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas.[1] Types of NHL vary significantly in their severity, from indolent to very aggressive.Lymphomas are types of cancer derived from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Lymphomas are treated by combinations of chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies (CD20), immunotherapy, radiation, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Non-Hodgkin lymphomas were classified according to the 1982 Working Formulation which recognizes 16 types. The Working Formulation is now considered obsolete, and the classification is commonly used primarily for statistical comparisons with previous decades. The Working Formulation has been superseded twice.The latest lymphoma classification, the 2008 WHO classification, largely abandoned the "Hodgkin" vs. "Non-Hodgkin" grouping. Instead, it lists over 80 different forms of lymphomas in four broad groups TREATMENT Chemotherapy- This is a method of treatment which makes use of drugs to kill cancer cells. These drugs may be administered in the following way- Orally (Through mouth) Intravenously (Through vein) Intramuscularly (Into the muscles) Subcutaneous (Beneath the skin) Intrathecally (Into the cerebrospinal fluid) For Slow-Growing NHLs Chemotherapy using a single nucleoside (e.g., fludarabine phosphate, or cladribine) Chemotherapy with a single alkylating agent (e.g., Chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide) For Fast-Growing NHLs Fast-growing, Stages 1 or 2 NHL is treated with an aggressive combination of the following drugs: CHOP- Cyclophosphamide, Hydroxydaunomycin, Oncovin, Prednisone; BACOD, Bleomycin, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, Dexamethasone; MACOP-B, Methotrexate, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, Prednisone, Bleomycin; Pro-MACE-CytaBOM- Prednisone, Methotrexate, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide, cytarabine, bleomycin, Oncovin EPOCH, Etoposide, Prednisone, Oncovin, Cyclophosphamide, Halotestin.


Brain tumor : A brain tumor or intracranial neoplasm occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. There are two main types of tumors: malignant or cancerous tumors and benign tumors. All types of brain tumors may produce symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain involved. These may include headaches, seizures, problem with vision,vomiting, and mental changes. The headache is classically worst in the morning and goes away with vomiting. More specific problems may include difficulty in walking, speaking and with sensation. As the disease progresses unconsciousness may occur.