Allergic rhinitis : Allergic rhinitis is an allergic inflammation of the nasal airways. It occurs when an allergen, such as pollen, dust, or animal dander (particles of shed skin and hair) is inhaled by an individual with a sensitized immune system. In such individuals, the allergen triggers the production of the antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE), which binds to mast cells and basophils containing histamine.Allergic rhinitis caused by pollens commonly called hay fever or seasonal allergy. Drugs Used (1) ANTIHISTAMINES - Azelastine Hydrochloride (2) CORTICOSTEROIDS - Beclometasone, Betamethasone,Budesonide,Fflunisolide,Fluticasone, Mometasone, and Triamcinolone (3) DECONGESTANTS - Cromoglicate


Hay fever : Allergic rhinitis caused by grass pollens, it is known as hay fever. Treatment Antihistamines Antihistamine drugs can be taken orally and nasally to control symptoms such as sneezing, rhinorrhea, itching, and conjunctivitis. Steroids Intranasal corticosteroids are used to control symptoms associated with sneezing, rhinorrhea, itching, and nasal congestion. Other Other measures that may be used second line include: decongestants, cromolyn, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and nonpharmacologic therapies such as nasal irrigation


Urticaria : Urticaria commonly referred to as hives, is a kind of skin rash notable for pale red, raised, itchy bumps. Hives might also cause a burning or stinging sensation. Hives are frequently caused byallergic reactions; however, there are many nonallergic causes. Most cases of hives lasting less than six weeks (acute urticaria) are the result of an allergic trigger. Chronic urticaria (hives lasting longer than six weeks) is rarely due to an allergy. Wheals (raised areas surrounded by a red base) from urticaria can appear anywhere on the surface of the skin. Whether the trigger is allergic or not, a complex release of inflammatory mediators, including histamine from cutaneous mast cells, results in fluid leakage from superficial blood vessels. Wheals may be pinpoint in size, or several inches in diameter. Angioedema is a related condition (also from allergic and nonallergic causes), though fluid leakage is from much deeper blood vessels in the subcutaneous or submucosal layers. Individual hives that are painful, last more than 24 hours, or leave a bruise as they heal are more likely to be a more serious condition calledurticarial vasculitis. Hives caused by stroking the skin (often linear in appearance) are due to a benign condition called dermatographic urticaria. Treatment Antihistamine diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants, hydrocortisone, fluocinonide, prednisone,


Inflammation : "A fundamental pathologic process consisting of a dynamic complex of histologically apparent cytologic changes, cellular infiltration, and mediator release that occurs in the affected blood vessels and adjacent tissues in response to an injury or abnormal stimulation caused by a physical, chemical, or biologic agent, including the local reactions and resulting morphologic changes; the destruction or removal of the injurious material; and the responses that lead to repair and healing. Inflammation is the body's attempt at self-protection; the aim being to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens - and begin the healing process. When something harmful or irritating affects a part of our body, there is a biological response to try to remove it, the signs and symptoms of inflammation, specifically acute inflammation, show that the body is trying to heal itself. Inflammation does not mean infection, even when an infection causes inflammation. Infection is caused by a bacterium, virus or fungus, while inflammation is the body's response to it. Acute inflammation - starts rapidly (rapid onset) and quickly becomes severe. Signs and symptoms are only present for a few days, but in some cases may persist for a few weeks. Examples of diseases, conditions, and situations which can result in acute inflammation include: acute bronchitis, infected ingrown toenail, sore throat from a cold or flu, a scratch/cut on the skin, exercise (especially intense training), acute appendicitis, acute dermatitis, acute tonsillitis, acute infective meningitis, acute sinusitis, or a blow. Chronic inflammation - this means long-term inflammation, which can last for several months and even years. It can result from: ? Failure to eliminate whatever was causing an acute inflammation ? An autoimmune response to a self antigen - the immune system attacks healthy tissue, mistaking it (them) for harmful pathogens. ? A chronic irritant of low intensity that persists Examples of diseases and conditions with chronic inflammation include: asthma, chronicpeptic ulcer, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic periodontitis, ulcerative colitis andCrohn's disease, chronic sinusitis, and chronic active hepatitis cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, periodontitis, and hay fever Drugs Used _ NSAID’S ( Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac Sodium, Aceclofenac , Acetaminophen) and Corticosteroids ( Both Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids)


Arthritis : Arthritis is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints. There are over 100 different forms of arthritis. The most common form, osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease), is a result of trauma to the joint, infection of the joint, or age. Other arthritis forms are rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and related autoimmune diseases. Septic arthritis is caused by joint infection. Drugs used Aceclofenac, Abatacept, Adalimumab, Celecoxib, Cyclosporine, Diclofenac, Diflunisal, Etoricoxib, Flurbiprofen, Hydrocortisone, Hydroxychloroquine, Ibuprofen, Mefenamic Acid, Meloxicam, Sulindac and Tenoxicam


Accute pain : .