Glaucoma : Glaucoma is a term describing a group of ocular disorders with multi-factorial etiology united by a clinically characteristic intraocular pressure-associated optic neuropathy. Treatment 1Balance and postural control 2Medications • Prostaglandin analogs, latanoprost ,bimatoprost and travoprost . • Topical beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, such as timolol, levobunolol and betaxolol. • Alpha2-adrenergic agonists, such as brimonidine and apraclonidine. • Less-selective alpha agonists, such as epinephrine. • Miotic agents (parasympathomimetics), such as pilocarpine.Echothiophate, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is used in chronic glaucoma. • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, such as dorzolamide , brinzolamide ,and acetazolamide . • Physostigmine


Epilepsy : Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally. Neurons normally generate electrochemical impulses that act on other neurons, glands, and muscles to produce human thoughts, feelings, and actions. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior, or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. During a seizure, neurons may fire as many as 500 times a second, much faster than normal. In some people, this happens only occasionally; for others, it may happen up to hundreds of times a day. EPILEPSY SYMPTOMS • Generalized seizures: All areas of the brain (the cortex) are involved in a generalized seizure. Sometimes these are referred to as grand mal seizures. o The person experiencing such a seizure may cry out or make some sound, stiffen for several seconds to a minute and then have rhythmic movements of the arms and legs. Often the rhythmic movements slow before stopping. o Eyes are generally open. o The person may appear to not be breathing and actually turn blue. This may be followed by a period of deep, noisy breathes. o The return to consciousness is gradual and the person may be confused for quite some time –minutes to hours. o Loss of urine is common. o The person will frequently be confused after a generalized seizure. • Partial or focal seizures: Only part of the brain is involved, so only part of the body is affected. Depending on the part of the brain having abnormal electrical activity, symptoms may vary. o If the part of the brain controlling movement of the hand is involved, then only the hand may show rhythmic or jerky movements. o If other areas of the brain are involved, symptoms might include strange sensations like a full feeling in the stomach or small repetitive movements such as picking at one's clothes or smacking of the lips. o Sometimes the person with a partial seizure appears dazed or confused. This may represent a complex partial seizure. The term complex is used by doctors to describe a person who is between being fully alert and unconscious. • Absence or petit mal seizures: These are most common in childhood. o Impairment of consciousness is present with the person often staring blankly. o Repetitive blinking or other small movements may be present. o Typically, these seizures are brief, lasting only seconds. Some people may have many of these in a day DRUGS: Medicines that may be used first to treat epileptic seizures include: • Carbamazepine (such as Carbatrol). • Ethosuximide (Zarontin), for absence seizures only. • Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal). • Phenobarbital (Luminal). Phenobarbital is a first-line medicine for newborns. • Phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek) or fosphenytoin (Cerebyx). • Primidone (Mysoline). The body converts primidone into phenobarbital. • Topiramate (Topamax). • Valproate (Depakene, Depakote). If epileptic seizures continue even though you are being treated, may prescribe one or more of the following medicines: • Benzodiazepines (such as Klonopin) • Ezogabine (Potiga) • Felbamate (Felbatol) • Gabapentin (Neurontin) • Lacosamide (Vimpat). This medicine can be used along with other antiseizure medicine to treat partial seizures. • Lamotrigine (Lamictal) • Levetiracetam (Keppra) • Phenobarbital (Luminal). Phenobarbital is a first-line medicine for newborns. • Pregabalin (Lyrica). This medicine is intended to be used along with other antiseizure medicine. • Primidone (Mysoline). The body converts primidone into phenobarbital. • Rufinamide (Banzel). This medicine can be used along with other antiseizure medicine to treat seizures caused by Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. • Tiagabine (Gabitril) • Topiramate (Topamax) • Vigabatrin (Sabril) • Zonisamide (Zonegran)


Glaucoma : Glaucoma is a term describing a group of ocular disorders with multi-factorial etiology united by a clinically characteristic intraocular pressure-associated optic neuropathy. Treatment 1Balance and postural control 2Medications • Prostaglandin analogs, latanoprost ,bimatoprost and travoprost . • Topical beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, such as timolol, levobunolol and betaxolol. • Alpha2-adrenergic agonists, such as brimonidine and apraclonidine. • Less-selective alpha agonists, such as epinephrine. • Miotic agents (parasympathomimetics), such as pilocarpine.Echothiophate, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is used in chronic glaucoma. • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, such as dorzolamide , brinzolamide ,and acetazolamide . • Physostigmine


Epilepsy : Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally. Neurons normally generate electrochemical impulses that act on other neurons, glands, and muscles to produce human thoughts, feelings, and actions. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior, or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. During a seizure, neurons may fire as many as 500 times a second, much faster than normal. In some people, this happens only occasionally; for others, it may happen up to hundreds of times a day. EPILEPSY SYMPTOMS • Generalized seizures: All areas of the brain (the cortex) are involved in a generalized seizure. Sometimes these are referred to as grand mal seizures. o The person experiencing such a seizure may cry out or make some sound, stiffen for several seconds to a minute and then have rhythmic movements of the arms and legs. Often the rhythmic movements slow before stopping. o Eyes are generally open. o The person may appear to not be breathing and actually turn blue. This may be followed by a period of deep, noisy breathes. o The return to consciousness is gradual and the person may be confused for quite some time –minutes to hours. o Loss of urine is common. o The person will frequently be confused after a generalized seizure. • Partial or focal seizures: Only part of the brain is involved, so only part of the body is affected. Depending on the part of the brain having abnormal electrical activity, symptoms may vary. o If the part of the brain controlling movement of the hand is involved, then only the hand may show rhythmic or jerky movements. o If other areas of the brain are involved, symptoms might include strange sensations like a full feeling in the stomach or small repetitive movements such as picking at one's clothes or smacking of the lips. o Sometimes the person with a partial seizure appears dazed or confused. This may represent a complex partial seizure. The term complex is used by doctors to describe a person who is between being fully alert and unconscious. • Absence or petit mal seizures: These are most common in childhood. o Impairment of consciousness is present with the person often staring blankly. o Repetitive blinking or other small movements may be present. o Typically, these seizures are brief, lasting only seconds. Some people may have many of these in a day DRUGS: Medicines that may be used first to treat epileptic seizures include: • Carbamazepine (such as Carbatrol). • Ethosuximide (Zarontin), for absence seizures only. • Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal). • Phenobarbital (Luminal). Phenobarbital is a first-line medicine for newborns. • Phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek) or fosphenytoin (Cerebyx). • Primidone (Mysoline). The body converts primidone into phenobarbital. • Topiramate (Topamax). • Valproate (Depakene, Depakote). If epileptic seizures continue even though you are being treated, may prescribe one or more of the following medicines: • Benzodiazepines (such as Klonopin) • Ezogabine (Potiga) • Felbamate (Felbatol) • Gabapentin (Neurontin) • Lacosamide (Vimpat). This medicine can be used along with other antiseizure medicine to treat partial seizures. • Lamotrigine (Lamictal) • Levetiracetam (Keppra) • Phenobarbital (Luminal). Phenobarbital is a first-line medicine for newborns. • Pregabalin (Lyrica). This medicine is intended to be used along with other antiseizure medicine. • Primidone (Mysoline). The body converts primidone into phenobarbital. • Rufinamide (Banzel). This medicine can be used along with other antiseizure medicine to treat seizures caused by Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. • Tiagabine (Gabitril) • Topiramate (Topamax) • Vigabatrin (Sabril) • Zonisamide (Zonegran)