Hypertension : Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, is a condition in which the arteries have persistently elevated blood pressure. Every time the human heart beats, it pumps blood to the whole body through the arteries. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing up against the blood vessel walls. The higher the pressure the harder the heart has to pump. Hypertension can lead to damaged organs, as well as several illnesses, such as renal failure (kidney failure), aneurysm, heart failure, stroke, or heart attack. The normal level for blood pressure is below 120/80, where 120 represents the systolic measurement (peak pressure in the arteries) and 80 represents the diastolic measurement (minimum pressure in the arteries). Blood pressure between 120/80 and 139/89 is called pre hypertension (to denote increased risk of hypertension), and a blood pressure of 140/90 or above is considered hypertension. Hypertension may be classified as essential or secondary. Essential hypertension is the term for high blood pressure with unknown cause. It accounts for about 95% of cases. Secondary hypertension is the term for high blood pressure with a known direct cause, such as kidney disease, tumors, or birth control pills.


Edema : Edema is swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues. Although edema can affect any part of your body, it's most commonly noticed in your hands, arms, feet, ankles and legs. Edema can be the result of medication, pregnancy or an underlying disease — often heart failure, kidney disease or cirrhosis of the liver. Taking medication to remove excess fluid and reducing the amount of salt in your food usually relieves edema. When edema is a sign of an underlying disease, the disease itself requires separate treatment. There are many types of edema. The most common ones are: ? Peripheral edema - in the feet (pedal edema), ankles, legs, hands and arms. ? Cerebral edema - in and around the brain (cerebral edema). ? Eye edema - in and around the eyes, e.g. macular edema, corneal edema, periorbital edema (puffiness around the eys. Macular edema is a serious complication of diabetic retinopathy. ? Signs and symptoms of edema include: • Swelling or puffiness of the tissue directly under your skin • Stretched or shiny skin • Skin that retains a dimple after being pressed for several seconds • Increased abdominal size Medications : • NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen) • Calcium channel blockers • Corticosteroids (prednisone, methylprednisolone) • Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone • Pramiprexole


Vertigo : Vertigo is a sensation of spinning. If you have these dizzy spells, you might feel like you are spinning or that the world around you is spinning. Causes of Vertigo Vertigo is often caused by an inner ear problem. Some of the most common causes include: BPPV. These initials stand for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. BPPV occurs when tiny calcium particles (canaliths) clump up in canals of the inner ear. The inner ear sends signals to the brain about head and body movements relative to gravity. It helps you keep your balance. BPPV can occur for no known reason and may be associated with age. Meniere's disease. This is an inner ear disorder thought to be caused by a buildup of fluid and changing pressure in the ear. It causes episodes of vertigo along with ringing in the ears (tinnitus) and hearing loss. Vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis. This is an inner ear problem usually related to infection (usually viral). The infection causes inflammation in the inner ear around nerves that are important for helping the body sense balance Less often vertigo may be associated with: • Head or neck injury • Brain problems such as stroke or tumor • Certain medications that cause ear damage • Migraine headaches Symptoms Vertigo is often triggered by a change in the position of your head. People with vertigo typically describe it as feeling like they are: • Spinning • Tilting • Swaying • Unbalanced • Pulled to one direction Other symptoms that may accompany vertigo include: • Feeling nauseated • Abnormal or jerking eye movements (nystagmus) • Headache • Sweating • Ringing in the ears or hearing loss • • Medicine • In some cases, medication may be given to relieve symptoms such asnausea or motion sickness associated with vertigo. • If vertigo is caused by an infection or inflammation, antibiotics or steroids may reduce swelling and cure infection. • For Meniere's disease, diuretics (water pills) may be prescribed to reduce pressure from fluid buildup. • Surgery. In a few cases, surgery may be needed for vertigo.