Anthrax : Anthrax is a life-threatening infectious disease that normally affects animals, especially ruminants (such as goats, cattle, sheep, and horses). Anthrax can be transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or their products. In recent years, anthrax has received a great deal of attention as it has become clear that the infection can also be spread by a bioterrorist attack or by biological warfare. Anthrax does not spread from person to person. What causes anthrax? The agent of anthrax is a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. While other investigators discovered the anthrax bacillus, it was a German physician and scientist, Dr. Robert Koch, who proved that the anthrax bacterium was the cause of a disease that affected farm animals in his community. Under the microscope, the bacteria look like large rods. However, in the soil, where they live, anthrax organisms exist in a dormant form called spores. These spores are very hardy and difficult to destroy. Inhalation or gastro-intestinal anthrax should be treated initially with either ciprofloxacin or doxycycline combined with one or two other antibacterials (such as amoxicillin, benzylpenicillin, chloramphenicol, clarithromycin, clindamycin, imipenem with cilastatin, rifampicin [unlicensed indication], and vancomycin). When the condition improves and the sensitivity of the Bacillus anthracis strain is known, treatment may be switched to a single antibacterial. Treatment should continue for 60 days because germination may be delayed. Cutaneous anthrax should be treated with either ciprofloxacin [unlicensed indication] or doxycycline [unlicensed indication] for 7 days. Treatment may be switched to amoxicillin if the infecting strain is susceptible. Treatment may need to be extended to 60 days if exposure is due to aerosol. A combination of antibacterials for 14 days is recommended for cutaneous anthrax with systemic features, extensive oedema, or lesions of the head or neck.


Ear Infection : Infection can affect the ear canal (otitis externa), the eardrum, or the middle ear (otitis media). Most ear injuries are caused by pressure changes during direct injury (such as a blow to the ear) or sport scuba diving, but, a persistently painful ear may signal an infection that requires treatment. Because an ear scope (otoscope) may not be available to examine the canal and inner ear in remote locations, starting therapy may be appropriate until a doctor can be reached. SYMPTOMS • Symptoms of ear infection include: o ear pain, o fullness in the ear, o hearing loss, o ringing in the ear, o discharge from the ear, o nausea, o vomiting , and o vertigo. • Symptoms may follow a respiratory infection such as the common cold. • Discharge from the ear canal is often caused by the infection known as swimmer's ear (otitis externa). A painful ear with decreased hearing is often the result of otitis media, an middle ear infection. TREATMENT • Rest: avoid further scuba dives, coughing, sneezing, bending, and attempts to equalize the ears. • Pain may be relieved with 1 to 2 acetaminophen (Tylenol) every four hours and/or 1 to 2 ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) every 6 to 8 hours. • Pseudoephedrine (the active ingredient in over-the-counter medications such as Sudafed) 30 mg tablets, one every six hours for 2 to 3 days, may ease ear pressure. (People with a history of high blood pressure should avoid this product.) • For infections of the ear canal (otitis externa): neomycin (Ak-Spore HC, Cortisporin, Neotricin HC, Ocutricin-HC), polymyxin B, and hydrocortisone (Cortisporin, Otocort, Poly Otic), two drops in the ear canal four times per day for five days, may also be used. • If pain occurs, discontinue treatment and seek medical attention. • Oral antibiotics are usually recommended for discharge from the ear, nose, or mouth. If infection develops, continue antibiotics for at least five days after all signs of infection have cleared. Tell your doctor of any drug allergy prior to starting any antibiotic. The doctor will recommend the right antibiotic.


Septicemia : Septicemia is an infection of blood. Septicemia is a serious life- threatening infection that gets worse very quickly. It can arise from infections thought out the body , including infection in the lungs , abdomen , urinary tract etc. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The site of infections that most frequently lead to sepsis were the respiratory tract (40%) , urinary tract (18% ) and intra- abdominal space (14%). It may cause by gram-negative (or) gram- positive bacteria, as well as by fungi & other microorganism. E .coli is the common pathogen isolated in sepsis, other gram-negative pathogens include Klebsiellaspp…, Serratiaspp…, Enterobacterspp…., Proteus spp, Pseudomonousaeruginosa etc. Gram –positive organisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumonia etc. Some fungus will cause the septicemia. Candida species (c. albicans) are common cause of sepsis in hospitalized patients. The pathophysiologic focus of gram-negative sepsis has been on the lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) component of the gram - negative cell wall. TREATMENT Sepsis is usually treated in the ICU with IV fluids, antibiotic if fluid replacement is insufficient to maintain blood pressure specific vasopressor medications can be used. Oxygen will be given. Antibiotics are used to treat the infection. Plasma (or ) other blood products may be given to correct any clotting abnormalities


Urinary tract infection : A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is an infection of the urinary tract. The infection can occur at different points in the urinary tract including: • Bladder -- an infection in the bladder is also called cystitis or a bladder infection. • Kidneys -- an infection of one or both kidneys is called pyelonephritis or a kidney infection. • Ureters -- the tubes that take urine from each kidney to the bladder are only rarely the site of infection. • Urethra -- an infection of the tube that empties urine from the bladder to the outside is called urethritis. Causes Most urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and then the bladder. The infection most commonly develops in the bladder, but can spread to the kidneys. Women tend to get them more often because their urethra is shorter and closer to the anus than in men. Because of this, women are more likely to get an infection after sexual activity or when using a diaphragm for birth control. Menopause also increases the risk of a UTI. The following also increase your chances of developing a UTI: • Diabetes • Advanced age and conditions that affect personal care habits (such as Alzheimer's disease and delirium) • Problems emptying the bladder completely • Having a urinary catheter • Bowel incontinence • Enlarged prostate, narrowed urethra, or anything that blocks the flow of urine • Kidney stones • Staying still (immobile) for a long period of time (for example, while you are recovering from a hip fracture) • Pregnancy • Surgery or other procedure involving the urinary tract Symptoms The symptoms of a bladder infection include: • Cloudy or bloody urine, which may have a foul or strong odor • Low fever in some people • Pain or burning with urination • Pressure or cramping in the lower abdomen or back • Strong need to urinate often, even right after the bladder has been emptied If the infection spreads to your kidneys, symptoms may include: • Chills and shaking or night sweats • Fatigue and a general ill feeling • Fever above 101 degrees Fahrenheit • Pain in the side, back, or groin • Flushed, warm, or reddened skin • Mental changes or confusion (in the elderly, these symptoms often are the only signs of a UTI) • Nausea and vomiting • Very bad abdominal pain (sometimes) Treatment • A simple UTI can be treated with a short course of oral antibiotics. You should also remember to drink plenty of liquids, especially around the time of a UTI. • If the UTI is a complicated UTI, then a longer period of antibiotics is given and usually is started intravenously in the hospital. After a short period of intravenous antibiotics, then the antibiotics are given by mouth for a period up to several weeks. Kidney infections have usually been treated as a complicated UTI.


Respiratoy tract infections : .


Skin infections : .