Angina : Definition: Angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when an area of the heart is deprived of oxygen. It is typically described as a crushing or squeezing sensation in the chest and may radiate to the jaw, shoulders, arm or back. It is usually a symptom of underlying heart disease, such as coronary artery disease. Angina can be classified into two i.e Stable Angina and Unstable Angina
Stable Angina - Usually results from atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries. Acute attacks of stable angina should be managed with (1) Nitrates - Glyceryl trinitrate, Isosorbide dinitrate
(2) Antiplatelet drugs - Aspirin
(3) Calcium-channel blockers - Verapamil , Diltiazem,Nifedipine, nicardipine, amlodipine, and felodipine
(4) Other antianginal drugs - Nicorandil and Ivabradine
Unstable Angina - usually due to plaque rupture and may occur either in patients with a history of stable angina or in those with previously silent coronary artery disease. Unstable angina (UA) (also "c
Arrhythmia : DEFINITION
Arrhythmia is defined as loss of cardiac rhythm, especially irregularity of heart-beat and is an abnormal cardiac rhythm, usually involving the change in rate or regularity and is monitored by using Electrocardiograph (ECG).
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The blood pushed from ventricles in a controlled sequence of muscle contraction. In cardiac arrhythmia, there will be disturbed in the sequence and in electrical conductivity.
Arrhythmias are classified in to differentkinds depending upon the disorders of impulse generation and includes,
Premature contraction - Common arrhythmia, which affect large number of people. Caffeine and stress increases the occurrence of premature beats.
Tachycardia - An abnormally fast heart beats (more than 100beats/min) ,this can also lead to insufficient blood circulation.
Bradycardia- An abnormally fast heart beats (more than 100beats/min). This can also lead to insufficient blood circulation.
Atrial fibrillation- A rapid, irregular heart rhythm caused by abnormal electrical impulses that begins in the upper chambers of the heart.In atrial fibrillation the heart rate is even higher i.e. 500 beats/min.
Atrial flutter - In atrial flutter the heart rate is 250-350 beats/min, associated with tachycardia.Commonly seen in hyperthyroidism and heart failure.
Ventricular fibrillation - Life threatening condition in which the heartquivers very rapidly about 350times/min or more.This leads to rapidly fatal if not reversed by defibrillation.
Headache : Headache or cephalalgia is pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It can be a symptom of a number of different conditions of the head and neck.
amitriptyline, fluoxetine, gabapentin, tizanidine, topiramate, and botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) have been evaluated as "prophylactic treatment of chronic daily headache.