Scurvy : Scurvy is a disease caused by a diet that lacks vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Patients develop anemia, debility, exhaustion, edema (swelling) in some parts of the body, and sometimes ulceration of the gums and loss of teeth. Scurvy symptoms may begin with appetite loss, poor weight gain, diarrhea, rapid breathing,fever, irritability, tenderness and discomfort in legs, swelling over long bones, bleeding (hemorrhaging), and feelings of paralysis. Scurvy is treated by providing the patient with vitamin C, administered either orally or via injection. Orange juice usually functions as an effective dietary remedy, but specific vitamin supplements are also known to be effective.


Hypertension : Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, is a condition in which the arteries have persistently elevated blood pressure. Every time the human heart beats, it pumps blood to the whole body through the arteries. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing up against the blood vessel walls. The higher the pressure the harder the heart has to pump. Hypertension can lead to damaged organs, as well as several illnesses, such as renal failure (kidney failure), aneurysm, heart failure, stroke, or heart attack. The normal level for blood pressure is below 120/80, where 120 represents the systolic measurement (peak pressure in the arteries) and 80 represents the diastolic measurement (minimum pressure in the arteries). Blood pressure between 120/80 and 139/89 is called pre hypertension (to denote increased risk of hypertension), and a blood pressure of 140/90 or above is considered hypertension. Hypertension may be classified as essential or secondary. Essential hypertension is the term for high blood pressure with unknown cause. It accounts for about 95% of cases. Secondary hypertension is the term for high blood pressure with a known direct cause, such as kidney disease, tumors, or birth control pills.


Bronchitis : Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi (the larger and medium-sized airways that carry airflow from the trachea into the more distal parts of the lung parenchyma) Treatment Conventional treatment for acute bronchitis may consist of simple measures such as getting plenty of rest, drinking lots of fluids, avoiding smoke and fumes, and possibly getting a prescription for an inhaled bronchodilator and/or cough syrup. In some cases of chronic bronchitis, oral steroids to reduce inflammation and/or supplemental oxygen may be necessary.


Gonorrhea : Gonorrhea is a common human sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. injectable ceftriaxone appears to be one of the few effective antibiotics.This is typically given in combination with either azithromycin ordoxycycline


Pharyngitis : Pharyngitis is defined as an infection or irritation of the pharynx or tonsils. The etiology is usually infectious, with most cases being of viral origin and most bacterial cases attributable to group A streptococci (GAS). Other causes include allergy, trauma, toxins, and neoplasia. GAS pharyngitis is usually a self-limited disease, and most signs and symptoms resolve spontaneously in 3-4 days. If administered early, antibiotics can shorten the duration of the illness by up to 1 day, but the main reason they are given is for prevention of acute rheumatic fever. Empiric antimicrobial therapy must be comprehensive and should cover all likely pathogens in the context of the clinical setting. Antibiotics are indicated for clinically suspected and culture or antigen-verified GAS infection. Common antibiotics for pharyngitis include amoxicillin,cephelexin, azithromycin,erythromycin, ceftriaxone etc. Steroids (such as dexamethasone) have been found to be useful for severe pharyngitis. Analgesics such as NSAIDs and acetaminophen can help reduce the pain associated with a sore throat.


Addison’s disease : Addison’s disease is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralo corticoids). It is characterised by a number of relatively nonspecific symptoms, such as abdominal pain and weakness, but under certain circumstances, these may progress to Addisonian crisis, a severe illness which may include very low blood pressure and coma. Drugs used for the treatment of Addison's disease are Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Prednisolone and Flodrocortisone


Bronchitis : Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi (the larger and medium-sized airways that carry airflow from the trachea into the more distal parts of the lung parenchyma) Treatment Conventional treatment for acute bronchitis may consist of simple measures such as getting plenty of rest, drinking lots of fluids, avoiding smoke and fumes, and possibly getting a prescription for an inhaled bronchodilator and/or cough syrup. In some cases of chronic bronchitis, oral steroids to reduce inflammation and/or supplemental oxygen may be necessary.


Bronchiolitis : Bronchiolitis is a common lung infection in young children and infants. It causes congestion in the small airways (bronchioles) of the lung Treatment Treatment and management of bronchiolitis is usually focused on the symptoms instead of the infection itself since the infection will run its course and complications are typically from the symptoms themselves. Without active treatment half of cases will go away in 13 days and 90% in three weeks. Inhaled epinephrine, Inhaled salbutamol, Nebulized and inhaled salbutamol, Inhaled hypertonic saline are used


Pneumonia : Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. It is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly other microorganisms, certain drugs and other conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Typical symptoms include a cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. Patients with pneumonia are treated with amoxicillin, doxycycline, clarithromycin or oral macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin).Patients with other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or emphysema, kidney disease, or diabetes are often given more powerful and/or higher dose antibiotics like third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and vancomycin. In addition to antibiotics, treatment includes: proper diet and oxygen to increase oxygen in the blood when needed. In some patients, medication to ease chest pain and to provide relief from violent cough may be necessary.


Septicemia : Septicemia is an infection of blood. Septicemia is a serious life- threatening infection that gets worse very quickly. It can arise from infections thought out the body , including infection in the lungs , abdomen , urinary tract etc. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The site of infections that most frequently lead to sepsis were the respiratory tract (40%) , urinary tract (18% ) and intra- abdominal space (14%). It may cause by gram-negative (or) gram- positive bacteria, as well as by fungi & other microorganism. E .coli is the common pathogen isolated in sepsis, other gram-negative pathogens include Klebsiellaspp…, Serratiaspp…, Enterobacterspp…., Proteus spp, Pseudomonousaeruginosa etc. Gram –positive organisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumonia etc. Some fungus will cause the septicemia. Candida species (c. albicans) are common cause of sepsis in hospitalized patients. The pathophysiologic focus of gram-negative sepsis has been on the lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) component of the gram - negative cell wall. TREATMENT Sepsis is usually treated in the ICU with IV fluids, antibiotic if fluid replacement is insufficient to maintain blood pressure specific vasopressor medications can be used. Oxygen will be given. Antibiotics are used to treat the infection. Plasma (or ) other blood products may be given to correct any clotting abnormalities


Peritonitis : Peritonitis is an inflammation (irritation) of the peritoneum, the thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs.Peritonitis is caused by a collection of blood, body fluids, or pus in the abdomen (intra-abdominal abscess). The specific types of peritonitis: • Peritonitis - spontaneous • Peritonitis - secondary Symptoms The belly (abdomen) is very painful or tender. The pain may become worse when the belly is touched or when you move. Your belly may look or feel bloated. This is called abdominal distention. Other symptoms may include: • Fever and chills • Fluid in the abdomen • Passing little or no stools or gas • Excessive fatigue • Passing less urine • Nausea and vomiting • Racing heartbeat • Shortness of breath Treatment The cause must be identified and treated promptly. Treatment typically involves surgery and antibiotics.