Angina : Definition: Angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when an area of the heart is deprived of oxygen. It is typically described as a crushing or squeezing sensation in the chest and may radiate to the jaw, shoulders, arm or back. It is usually a symptom of underlying heart disease, such as coronary artery disease. Angina can be classified into two i.e Stable Angina and Unstable Angina Stable Angina - Usually results from atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries. Acute attacks of stable angina should be managed with (1) Nitrates - Glyceryl trinitrate, Isosorbide dinitrate (2) Antiplatelet drugs - Aspirin (3) Calcium-channel blockers - Verapamil , Diltiazem,Nifedipine, nicardipine, amlodipine, and felodipine (4) Other antianginal drugs - Nicorandil and Ivabradine Unstable Angina - usually due to plaque rupture and may occur either in patients with a history of stable angina or in those with previously silent coronary artery disease. Unstable angina (UA) (also "c


Pulmonary Hypertension: : A disease characterized by the progressive increase in pulmonary arterial pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance eventually leading to right heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension usually occurs along with another disease or condition, such as pregnancy, heart and blood vessel diseases, lung diseases, liver diseases, sleep apnea, connective tissue diseases such as lupus and scleroderma, thyroid diseases, HIV infection, or use of certain diet medicines or illicit drugs.Drug therapy options include Epoprostenol , treprostinil sodium ,iloprost , Sildenafil, warfarin and diuretics .


Migraine : Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches often in association with a number of autonomic nervous system symptoms. Migraine is a severe, painful headache that is often preceded or accompanied by sensory warning signs such as flashes of light, blind spots, tingling in the arms and legs, nausea, vomiting, and increased sensitivity to light and sound. Medication Preventive migraine medications are considered effective if they reduce the frequency or severity of the migraine attacks by at least 50%. Guidelines are fairly consistent in rating topiramate, divalproex/sodium valproate, propranolol, and metoprolol as having the highest level of evidence for first-line use. Recommendations regarding effectiveness varied however for gabapentin. Timolol is also effective for migraine prevention and in reducing migraine attack frequency and severity, while frovatriptan is effective for prevention of menstrual migraine. Amitriptyline and venlafaxine are probably also effective. Angiotensin inhibition by either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor orangiotensin II receptor antagonist may reduce attacks. Botox has been found to be useful in those with chronic migraines but not those with episodic ones.


Arrhythmia : DEFINITION Arrhythmia is defined as loss of cardiac rhythm, especially irregularity of heart-beat and is an abnormal cardiac rhythm, usually involving the change in rate or regularity and is monitored by using Electrocardiograph (ECG). PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The blood pushed from ventricles in a controlled sequence of muscle contraction. In cardiac arrhythmia, there will be disturbed in the sequence and in electrical conductivity. Arrhythmias are classified in to differentkinds depending upon the disorders of impulse generation and includes, Premature contraction - Common arrhythmia, which affect large number of people. Caffeine and stress increases the occurrence of premature beats. Tachycardia - An abnormally fast heart beats (more than 100beats/min) ,this can also lead to insufficient blood circulation. Bradycardia- An abnormally fast heart beats (more than 100beats/min). This can also lead to insufficient blood circulation. Atrial fibrillation- A rapid, irregular heart rhythm caused by abnormal electrical impulses that begins in the upper chambers of the heart.In atrial fibrillation the heart rate is even higher i.e. 500 beats/min. Atrial flutter - In atrial flutter the heart rate is 250-350 beats/min, associated with tachycardia.Commonly seen in hyperthyroidism and heart failure. Ventricular fibrillation - Life threatening condition in which the heartquivers very rapidly about 350times/min or more.This leads to rapidly fatal if not reversed by defibrillation.