Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome : AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the immune system, making people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens as the disease progresses.
HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person (semen and vaginal fluids, blood and breast milk). The virus is passed from one person to another through blood-to-blood and sexual contact. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their babies during pregnancy, delivering the baby during childbirth, and through breast feeding.
HIV is transmitted primarily via unprotected sexual intercourse (including anal and oral sex), contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Some bodily fluids, such as saliva and tears, do not transmit HIV.
Drugs for HIV infection
1. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor - Zidovudine, abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, and tenofovir.
2. Protease inhibitors - amprenavir, atazanavir, fosamprenavir (a pro-drug of amprenavir), indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir.
3. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors - efavirenz and nevirapine
4. Drug which inhibits HIV from fusing to the host cell - Enfuvirtide
Tuberculosis : Definition:
It is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculae
Pathogenesis:
It is a chronic granulomatous infection caused mainly by the inhalation of tubercular bacilli. The bacilli enters the lungs and get deposited on the upper lobe of the lungs there it forms a primary complex. Once this complex is formed the disease spread through the lymphatic vessel to the adjacent organs or locally.
Drugs:
First line drugs: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, ethambutol and Pyrizanamide
Second line drugs: Aminoglycosides like Amikacin, kanamycin.
Polypeptides like capreomycin.
Fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin
Thioamides like ethionamide, prothionamide
Cycloserine
Para aminosalicylic acid
Third line drugs : Rifabutin
Macrolides like clarythromycin
Linezolid
Thioacetazone
Vitamin D
Thioridazine