Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS, or spastic colon) : Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS, or spastic colon) is a symptom-based diagnosis characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits TREATMENT Diet Reduction of fructose and fructan has been shown to reduce IBS symptoms in a dose-dependent manner in patients with fructose malabsorption and IBS. Fiber Some evidence suggests that soluble fiber supplementation (e.g., psyllium/ispagula husk) is effective in the general IBS population. Medication Medications may consist of stool softeners and laxatives in constipation-predominant IBS and antidiarrheals (e.g., opiate, opioid, or opioid analogs such as loperamide, codeine, diphenoxylate) in diarrhea-predominant IBS for mild symptoms and stronger opiates such as morphine and oxycodone for severe cases. Drugs affecting serotonin (5-HT) in the intestines can help reduce symptoms. 5HT3 antagonists such as ondansetron are effective in postinfectious IBS and diarrhoea-dominant IBS due to their blockade of serotonin on 5HT3 receptors in the gut. Laxatives For patients who do not adequately respond to dietary fiber, osmotic laxatives such as polyethylene glycol, sorbitol, and lactulose can help avoid "cathartic colon" which has been associated with stimulant laxatives Antispasmodics The use of antispasmodic drugs (e.g., anticholinergics such as hyoscyamine or dicyclomine) may help patients, especially those with cramps or diarrhea Serotonin agonists Tegaserod (Zelnorm), a selective 5-HT4 agonist for IBS-C, is available for relieving IBS constipation in women and chronic idiopathic constipation in men and women. Other agents Magnesium aluminum silicates and alverine citrate drugs can be effective for irritable bowel syndrome.


Insomnia : Insomnia, or sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder in which there is an inability to fall asleep or to stay asleep as long as desired Non pharmacological strategies provide long lasting improvements to insomnia and are recommended as a first line and long term strategy of management. The strategies include attention to sleep hygiene, stimulus control, behavioral interventions, sleep-restriction therapy, paradoxical intention, patient education and relaxation therapy Medicatons Antihistamines The antihistamine diphenhydramine is widely used in nonprescription sleep aids. The antihistamine doxylamine is used in nonprescription sleep aids Benzodiazepine The most commonly used class of hypnotics prescribed for insomnia are the benzodiazepines. Hypnotic benzodiazepines include drugs such as temazepam, flunitrazepam, triazolam, flurazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, and quazepam. Non-benzodiazepines Nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic drugs, such as zolpidem, zaleplon, zopiclone, and eszopiclone, are a class hypnotic medications indicated for mild to moderate insomnia. Antidepressants Some antidepressants such as amitriptyline, doxepin, mirtazapine, and trazodone can have a sedative effect, and are prescribed to treat insomnia Other Opioid medications such as hydrocodone, oxycodone, and morphine are used for insomnia that is associated with pain due to their analgesic properties and hypnotic effects


Tinnitus : Tinnitus is defined as the perception of sound when there is no external source present. While most people think of tinnitus as ringing in the ears, the noise can also be a hiss, a buzz, a click or any other sound. The noise may be continuous or may occur intermittently. It may be pulsatile (throbbing) or constant and its pitch may be high or low. Tinnitus is a symptom, not a disease, and it has a variety of causes that may arise anywhere in the hearing mechanism. It begins in the ear with the tympanic membrane and the cochlea, where sound is transmitted into electrical energy for the brain to perceive. Symptoms of tinnitus include hearing sounds when no external sound is present. The ears may sense ringing, buzzing, roaring, clicking, whistling, hissing, or squealing. Noises may appear low or high in pitch and may interfere with a person's ability to concentrate. Medication Few medications seem to work to resolve tinnitus. Two that have shown some mild benefit include alprazolam (Xanax), a benzodiazepine that may also help with the anxiety and insomnia associated with tinnitus, and dexamethasone (Decadron), a steroid that can be injected into the inner ear to help decrease inflammation. Depression is often associated with tinnitus, and antidepressant medicationshave worked in some instances to decrease the intensity or resolve the noise altogether.


Alzheimer's disease : Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder in which the death of brain cells causes memory loss and cognitive decline. A neurodegenerative type of dementia, the disease starts mild and gets progressively worse. And it is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to death. Drugs has too little role in the management of Alzheimer’s disease No medication has been clearly shown to delay or halt the progression of the disease. Drugs used are • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors – Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine • NMDA-receptor (N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor) antagonist -Memantine