Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHLs) : NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMAS (NHLs) are diverse group of blood cancers that include any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas.[1] Types of NHL vary significantly in their severity, from indolent to very aggressive.Lymphomas are types of cancer derived from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Lymphomas are treated by combinations of chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies (CD20), immunotherapy, radiation, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Non-Hodgkin lymphomas were classified according to the 1982 Working Formulation which recognizes 16 types. The Working Formulation is now considered obsolete, and the classification is commonly used primarily for statistical comparisons with previous decades. The Working Formulation has been superseded twice.The latest lymphoma classification, the 2008 WHO classification, largely abandoned the "Hodgkin" vs. "Non-Hodgkin" grouping. Instead, it lists over 80 different forms of lymphomas in four broad groups TREATMENT Chemotherapy- This is a method of treatment which makes use of drugs to kill cancer cells. These drugs may be administered in the following way- Orally (Through mouth) Intravenously (Through vein) Intramuscularly (Into the muscles) Subcutaneous (Beneath the skin) Intrathecally (Into the cerebrospinal fluid) For Slow-Growing NHLs Chemotherapy using a single nucleoside (e.g., fludarabine phosphate, or cladribine) Chemotherapy with a single alkylating agent (e.g., Chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide) For Fast-Growing NHLs Fast-growing, Stages 1 or 2 NHL is treated with an aggressive combination of the following drugs: CHOP- Cyclophosphamide, Hydroxydaunomycin, Oncovin, Prednisone; BACOD, Bleomycin, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, Dexamethasone; MACOP-B, Methotrexate, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, Prednisone, Bleomycin; Pro-MACE-CytaBOM- Prednisone, Methotrexate, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide, cytarabine, bleomycin, Oncovin EPOCH, Etoposide, Prednisone, Oncovin, Cyclophosphamide, Halotestin.


Hodgkin lymphomas : Hodgkin lymphomas a type of lymphoma, which is a cancer originating from white blood cells called lymphocytes. Patients with early stage disease (IA or IIA) are effectively treated with radiation therapy or chemotherapy. The original treatment for Hodgkin's was MOPP (medicine) The abbreviation stands for the four drugs Mustargen, Oncovin, also known as Vincristine, .Prednisone and Procarbazine also known as Matulane. Currently, the ABVD chemotherapy regimen is the standard treatment of Hodgkin's disease in the US. The abbreviation stands for the four drugs Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine.


Testicular cancer (Cancer of the Testicle) : Testicular cancer is cancer that starts in the testicles, the male reproductive glands located in the scrotum. Causes The exact cause of testicular cancer is unknown. There is no link between vasectomy and testicular cancer. Factors that may increase a man's risk for testicular cancer include: • Abnormal testicle development • History of testicular cancer • History of undescended testicle • Klinefelter syndrome Symptoms Symptoms that may occur can include: • Discomfort or pain in the testicle, or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum • Pain in the back or lower abdomen • Enlargement of a testicle or a change in the way it feels • Excess development of breast tissue (gynecomastia), however, this can occur normally in adolescent boys who do not have testicular cancer • Lump or swelling in either testicle Symptoms in other parts of the body, such as the lungs, abdomen, pelvis, back, or brain, may also occur if the cancer has spread. Treatment The three basic types of treatment are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.


Kaposi’s sarcoma : Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancerous tumor of the connective tissue, and is often associated with AIDS. Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat or in other organs. The patches are usually red or purple and are made of cancer cells and blood cells. The red and purple patches often cause no symptoms, though they may be painful. If the cancer spreads to the digestive tract or lungs, bleeding can result. Lung tumors can make breathing hard. Before the HIV/AIDS epidemic, KS usually developed slowly. In HIV/AIDS patients, though, the disease moves quickly. Treatment depends on where the lesions are and how bad they are. Treatment for HIV itself can shrink the lesions. However, treating KS does not improve survival from HIV/AIDS itself. Symptoms The tumors most often appear as bluish-red or purple bumps on the skin. They are reddish-purple because they are rich in blood vessels. The lesions may first appear on the feet or ankles, thighs, arms, hands, face, or any other part of the body. They also can appear on sites inside the body. Other symptoms may include: • Bloody sputum • Shortness of breath Treatment Treatments include: • Antiviral therapy against HIV • Combination chemotherapy • Freezing (cryotherapy) • Radiation therapy


Ewing’s sarcoma : Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant (cancerous) bone tumor that affects children. Causes Ewing's sarcoma can occur any time during childhood and young adulthood, but usually develops during puberty, when bones are growing rapidly. The tumor may start anywhere in the body, usually in the long bones of the arms and legs, the pelvis, or the chest. It may also develop in the skull or the flat bones of the trunk. The tumor often spreads (metastasis) to the lungs and other bones. Spread at the time of diagnosis is seen in about one-third of children with Ewing's sarcoma. Rarely, Ewing's sarcoma can occur in adults. Symptoms There are few symptoms. The most common is pain and occasionally swelling at the site of the tumor. Children may also break a bone at the site of the tumor after a seemingly minor injury (this is called a "pathologic fracture"). Fever may also be present. Treatment Treatment should be done by a cancer specialist (oncologist) and often includes a combination of: • Chemotherapy o Cyclophosphamide o Doxorubicin o Etoposide o Ifosfamide o Vincristine • Radiation therapy • Surgical to remove the primary tumor